Ovarian Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Ovarian Cancer - Essay Example In this study, handling the need of being knowledgeable with regards the issues that involve the development of ovarian cancer among women is introduced through a processes examination and analysis of specific number of population who are to be observed with regards how they are responding to the procedures of the diet control approaches to be used in this research study. This study shall first and foremost introduce how ovarian cancer swipes the entire woman population around the world today. To support the said details, a research on the actual statistics comprising of the said details shall be presented along with the other mediums of explanation needed to make the issue clearly defined towards the readers. Through the in depth development of this research, it shall further be enumerated how much importance should be placed upon the understanding of women with regards their diet and how the said process actually affects the level of chances that they have in either preventing or incurring ovarian cancer in the future. It is through this that the researchers aim to open the minds of the readers towards the personal responsibility that they have towards their own safety from being afflicted by ovarian cancer. Although ovarian cancer (OC) occurs less frequently than breast or uterine cancer, it has the highest mortality rate of the gynecological cancers, comprising almost half of the deaths from these cancers (Bray, Sankila, Ferlay, & Parkin, 2002). In spite of improvements in screening and therapy, the five year survival rate is less than 30 percent (Berrino, 1999). In 2000, approximately 61,000 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer and more than 39,000 died from the disease (Ferlay, Bray, Parkin, & Pisani, 2001) (See Appendix for a breakdown of National Cancer Institute statistics in the US). Due to the poor prognosis for ovarian cancer, it is imperative to discover effective methods of prevention as well as early diagnosis and treatment. It is also of the greatest importance to identify factors of influence, then develop intervention in the form of information dissemination. Background Overall Epidemiology Most cases of ovarian cancer (OC) occur sporadically (Schulz et al., 2004). However, approximately 10-20 percent of cases are believed to be hereditary. Females who inherit genetic mutations in the BRCA1 (Breast cancer stage 1) and BRCA2 (Breast cancer stage 2) genes have an increased risk of both ovarian cancer and breast cancer. Most of the women with these genes have one or more relatives with OC and/or breast cancer (Wooster & Weber, 2003). About 90 percent of all OC develops from epithelial cells that comprise the external surface of the ovaries (Bell, 1991). The current study uses the term ovarian cancer to refer to epithelial ovarian cancer unless otherwise noted. Most OC cases (85-90 percent) occur in postmenopausal females (Schulz et al, 2004). The etiology of the disease remains unclear. Nevertheless, the following two hypotheses have been proposed regarding disease causation: (a) The continuous ovulation hypothesis, and (b) the gonadotropin hypothesis (Edmundson, & Monaghan, 2001). The former hypothesis suggests that the number of cycles of ovulation may establish ovarian cancer risk by increasing the rate of cellular

Opposing Styles of Supervision Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Opposing Styles of Supervision - Research Paper Example   McGregor's Theory Y and X McGregor's Theory X says that an average person dislikes work and will avoid it as much as he/she can and therefore most people must be forced with the threat of punishment to work towards organizational objectives whereas Theory Y says that there are people who show strong commitments towards their work and need rewards for boosting their performances further (Douglas Mcgregor - Theory X, Y, 2010). Theory X and theory Y point towards the necessitate of using contrasting management styles in an organization. In other words, a supervisor should change his strategies judiciously so that each employee will get the message that good works will be complemented whereas poor performances will be punished. For example, suppose an employee is reporting late continuously. The supervisor should give some punishment to that employee in order to motivate him to change his behavior. On the other hand, suppose another employee stay back to complete a work even after th e regular time, he should be complimented. In the first case, the employee belongs to the X category whereas in the second case, the employee belongs to the Y category. Suppose the supervisor failed to punish the employee X. X will repeat his mistake till he gets any warning or punishment from the supervisor. He may think that the organization is not much serious about late coming and therefore he can continue his behavior without any problems. Same way suppose the supervisor failed to notice the good work of Y. Y will think that he may not get any compliment or reward for his better works and there is no point in continuing that behavior. On the other hand, if the supervisor, complement the better work of Y, then he will get more energy to repeat such good works in future also. Autocratic Supervision vs. Participative Management â€Å"Authoritarian supervision, in general, is characterized by the relatively high degree of power wielded by the supervisor over the workgroup. Democra tic supervision, on the other hand, is characterized by a sharing of power through participative decision making† (Sales, n.d, p.275). In autocratic supervision, management makes all the decisions without seeking any inputs from the employees whereas, in participative management, the organization welcomes and respect the opinions of the employees while taking any decisions. It is difficult for a supervisor to remain autocratic or participative all the time. Based on the demands of the situation, the supervisor should change his supervising strategies. For example, suppose a supervisor wants to prepare an estimate for a particular project. It is better to seek the opinions of the employees about the possibilities of completing that project in the most feasible manner in order to prepare competitive estimates. It is not necessary that the supervisor may aware of all the options available for the completion of that project. The employees can advise the supervisor about the easies t and cheapest ways of completing a project so that the organization will be benefitted at the time of the preparation of the estimate and also at the time of execution of the project. On the other hand, suppose the organization wants to schedule some overtime work for finishing off some urgent work.  Ã‚